Access Modifiers in Java | Public, Protected, Private, Default | Access Specifiers in Java

In this video, I have discussed access modifiers or specifiers in Java
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As the name suggests access modifiers in Java helps to restrict the scope of a class, constructor, variable, method, or data member. There are four types of access modifiers available in java:

Default – No keyword required
Private
Protected
Public

Default: When no access modifier is specified for a class, method, or data member – It is said to be having the default access modifier by default.
The data members, class or methods which are not declared using any access modifiers i.e. having default access modifier are accessible only within the same package.

Private: The private access modifier is specified using the keyword private.
The methods or data members declared as private are accessible only within the class in which they are declared.
Any other class of the same package will not be able to access these members.
Top-level classes or interfaces can not be declared as private because
private means “only visible within the enclosing class”.
protected means “only visible within the enclosing class and any subclasses”

Hence these modifiers in terms of application to classes, apply only to nested classes and not on top-level classes

protected: The protected access modifier is specified using the keyword protected.
The methods or data members declared as protected are accessible within the same package or subclasses in different packages.

public: The public access modifier is specified using the keyword public.
The public access modifier has the widest scope among all other access modifiers.
Classes, methods, or data members that are declared as public are accessible from everywhere in the program. There is no restriction on the scope of public data members.

Important Points:

If other programmers use your class, try to use the most restrictive access level that makes sense for a particular member. Use private unless you have a good reason not to.
Avoid public fields except for constants.