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What is the difference between deep copy and shallow copy?

Shallow Copy: Involves copying the memory address of an object to another object,
meaning both objects point to the same memory location.
Changes in one object will reflect in the other.
Deep Copy: Involves copying the actual data of an object to another object,
allocating separate memory for them. Changes in one object do not affect the other.

How is file I/O handled in C++?

File I/O in C++ is managed through streams, which are sequences of
bytes that flow from a source to a destination.
The fstream header file provides functionalities for file operations.
There are three primary file I/O classes:
ifstream: Used for reading files.
ofstream: Used for writing files.
fstream: Used for both reading and writing files.
Operations like opening, closing, reading, and writing to files
are performed using methods of these classes.
Can you explain the concept of friend functions/classes in C++?

A friend function is a function that is permitted to access the private and
protected members of a class even though it is not a member of that class.
A friend class is a class whose members have the right to
access the private and protected members of another class.
Declaring a function or class as a friend allows controlled access
to the non-public members of a class, enhancing encapsulation.
What is the purpose of namespaces in C++?

Namespaces in C++ are used to encapsulate and group logically related code,
variables, and functions to avoid name conflicts and provide scope to identifiers.
They help in avoiding naming conflicts by organizing code and preventing name clashes,
especially in large code bases or when integrating with other libraries.
The namespace keyword is used to declare a namespace, and the scope resolution operator is used to access the members of a namespace.
How does exception handling work in C++?

Exception handling in C++ is done using four keywords: try, catch, throw, and throws.
try: A block where exceptions are checked and monitored.
throw: Used to throw an exception when an issue is detected.
catch: Used to catch the exception thrown and handle it.
The mechanism allows the program to detect and manage exceptions (errors) during runtime,
providing a way to manage unexpected or exceptional situations,
allowing the program to continue running or to terminate gracefully.