Chapter 4: Operators In Java смотреть онлайн

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So 42 has 1 bits set at positions 1, 3, and 5 (counting from 0 at the right); thus, 42 is the sum of 21 + 23 + 25, which is 2 + 8 + 32.


...Java uses an encoding known as two’s complement, which means that negative numbers are represented by inverting (changing 1’s to 0’s and vice versa) all of the bits in a value, then adding 1 to the result.

...For example, turning on the high-order bit will cause the resulting value to be interpreted as a negative number, whether this is what you intended or not.

...The value of ~a is ANDed with 0x0f (0000 1111 in binary) in order to reduce its value to less than 16, so it can be printed by use of the binary array.

...This means that when a left shift is applied to an int operand, bits are lost once they are shifted past bit position 31.

...This means that the outcome of a left shift on a byte or short value will be an int, and the bits shifted left will not be lost until they shift past bit position 31. ... For these reasons, to perform a left shift on a byte or short implies that you must discard the high-order bytes of the int result. For example, if you left-shift a byte value, that value will first be promoted to int and then shifted.

...For example, the next code fragment shifts the value 35 to the right two positions, which causes the two low-order bits to be lost, resulting again in a being set to 8:


...Notice that the shifted value is masked by ANDing it with 0x0f to discard any sign-extended bits so that the value can be used as an index into the array of hexadecimal characters.


...This means that sign extension occurs and that the shift will take place on a 32-bit rather than on an 8- or 16-bit value.

...Then d is assigned the byte value of b unsigned shifted right by four, which you might have expected to be 0x0f, but is actually 0xff because of the sign extension that happened when b was promoted to int before the shift. The last expression sets e to the byte value of b masked to 8 bits using the AND operator, then shifted right by four, which produces the expected value of 0x0f.

...For example, the following two statements, which shift the value in a right by four bits, are equivalent:


...As you can see from the following output, the string representation of a Java boolean value is one of the literal values true or false:


...If you use the || and && forms, rather than the | and & forms of these operators, Java will not bother to evaluate the right-hand operand when the outcome of the expression can be determined by the left operand alone. ... For example, the following code fragment shows how you can take advantage of short-circuit logical evaluation to be sure that a division operation will be valid before evaluating it:


...However, if you want to first shift a right by b positions and then add 3 to that result, you will need to parenthesize the expression like this: